Oligomers and polymers containing sulfonite groups and method for the production thereof

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to novel polymers or oligomers containing at least sulfonite groups (P-(SO 2 ) n X, X=1−(n=1), 2−(n=2) or 3−(n=3) valent metal cation or H +  or ammonium ion NR 4   +  wherein R=alkyl, aryl, H), which are obtained by completely or partially reducing polymers or oligomers containing at least SO 2 Y-groups (Y=F, Cl, Br, I, OR, NR 2  (R=alkyl and/or aryl and/or H), N-imidazolyl, N-pyrazolyl) by means of suitable reducing agents in a suspension or in a solution form. The invention also relates to polymers and polymer(blend) membranes which are obtained by further reacting the obtained sulfinated polymers, especially by alkylation of the sulfinate groups with mono- di- or oligo functional electrophiles. The invention further relates to methods for producing the sulfinated polymers and for further reacting the sulfinated polymers with electrophiles by S-alkylation.

It is known from the literature that in polymers containing sulfinate groups SO2Li the sulfinate groups can be cross-linked by di- or oligohalogenoalkanes with alkylation of the sulfinate group to the sulfone group. This crosslinking method can be used to cross-link ionomer membranes in order to reduce the membrane swelling which leads to a better mechanical and thermal stability of the membranes in the respective membrane process (for example electrodialysis, diffusion dialysis, membrane fuel cells (hydrogen membrane fuel cells, direct methanol fuel cells)). One can produce two different types of in such a way cross-linked ionomer membranes:

-   -   1) The sulfonated polymer is dissolved together with the         sulfinated polymer in a suitable, often dipolar aprotic solvent         and a dihalogeno cross-linker or oligohalogeno cross-linker if         necessary is added, for example 1,4-diiodobutane. During the         solvent evaporation the cross-linking reaction takes place.     -   2) A polymer, which contains both sulfinate and sulfonate group         (produced by partial oxidation, for example, of the polymeric         sulfinate with NaOCl, KMnO₄, H₂O₂ etc.), is dissolved in a         suitable dipolar aprotic solvent and a dihalogeno cross-linker         or oligo halogeno cross-linker if necessary is added, for         example 1,4-diiodobutane. During the solvent evaporation the         cross-linking reaction takes place. Up to now however only         sulfinated polymers are known from the literature, which are         prepared from the reaction of organometallated polymers with         Sulphur dioxide (for example lithiated polysulfone from the         reaction of polysulfone with butyl- or phenyllithium). However,         not every type of polymers can be treated with organometallic         reagents since the organometallic reagents react with functional         groups of the polymers and are able to destroy the polymers.         Organometallic reagents react with the carbonyl group, for         example, so that high performance thermoplastics of the         polyetherketone family containing the carbonyl group in the main         chain for example (Polyetherketone PEK Victrex®,         polyetheretherketone PEEK Victrex®, polyetheretherketoneketone         PEEKK or polyetherketoneetheretherketone (PEKEKK Ultrapek®)) can         not be sulfinated via lithiation. For the introduction of the         sulfinate group, another way must be found for those polymers.         It would be desirable to have sulfinated polyetherketones, since         these polymer could then be cross-linked. The polyetherketones         are thermally and mechanically more stable than for example         polysulfones or polyphenyleneethers, and therefore cross-linked         ionomer membranes from polyetherketone polymers might show         better stabilities in (electro)membrane processes.

From the literature it is known that low-molecular sulfochlorides can be reduced to sulfinates by reduction with Zn dust, iron dust, sodium sulfite, hydrazine, H₂S, LiAlH₄, triethylaluminium, ethylaluminium sesquichloride. The reduction leads to good yields primarily with Zn dust and with LiAlH₄. It was surprisingly found now that polymers, which contain non-ionic sulfonate group derivatives, e.g. the sulfochloride group SO₂Cl, (polymeric sulfochlorides are easily accessibly by reaction of the sulfonic acid group with thionyl chloride, phosphorous trichloride oxide, phosphorous pentoxide or by reaction of lithiated polymers with sulfuryl chloride), can be converted with suitable reducing agents or with mixtures of suitable reducing agents in solution or in suspension in high yield and without cross-linking. The sulfochloride group of the respective polymers can be converted to sulfinate group either completely or partially, depending on type and quantity of reducing agent and or other reaction conditions (e.g. concentration, temperature). The fact that no cross-linking of the polymer as a side reaction takes place during the reduction is primarily remarkable and therefore surprising since it is known for example of sulfinic acids that these can react under disproportionation with each other. It was particularly surprising that the reaction of the polymeric sulfochlorides took place with LiAlH₄ at temperatures of −20 to −60° C. without cross-linking and with a high yield, since at this reaction lewis acidic intermediates appear, which could catalyse the cross-linking of the formed sulfinate group.

It was further surprising that at the reduction of polymeric sulfochlorides with aqueous sodium salt solutions or other sulphurous reducing agents like sodium dithionite, sodium thiosulfate or mixtures of these reducing agents the reaction can be controlled in such a way, that only a part of the sulfochloride groups is converted to sulfinate groups, and the remaining sulfochloride groups remain unchanged (e.g. are not hydrolyzed to the sulfonic acid group). This is of importance when the sulfinate groups of the polymers containing both sulfochloride and sulfinate groups are alkylated by S-alkylation. Examples of alkylations are:

-   -   covalent crosslinking with dihalogeno or oligohalogeno compounds         or other difunctional or oligofunctional alkylation agents         or/and     -   Reaction with monofunctional alkylation agents.

The sulfinate S-alkylation apparently proceeds in a greater yield if sulfochloride groups are available in the polymer instead of ionical sulfonic acid salt derivatives. The reason for this is presumably, that unloaded sulfochloride groups are solvated better than sulfonate salt groups by the solvents, which are used normally for polymers containing sulfinate groups (dipolar aprotic solvents like N-methylpyrrolidinone NMP, N,N-dimethylacetamide DMAc, N,N-dimethylformamide DMF, dimethylsulfoxide DMSO or sulfolane). A better solvation leads to a better solubility of both the sulfochlorinated polymer and the sulfinated polymer (ion effect: if the ion concentration and with that the ionic strength of the solution containing the different polymers is smaller, the sulfinated polymer is also dissolved better) and thus to higher reactivity of the polymer (polymers) containing sulfinate groups with the alkylation agents.

With the method of the present invention a large number of polymeric sulfinates according to the invention becomes accessible—actually every polymer or oligomers sulfonic acid can be transferred after transformation into the sulfohalide or another non-ionic sulfonic acid derivative to the respective polymeric or oligomeric sulfinate. Thus particularly sulfinated polymers become accessible, which can not be sulfinated by other methods, such as e.g. polymers containing carbonyl groups in the main chain or in the side chain. Particularly the high performance thermoplastics from the family of the polyetherketones which can not be lithiated can be sulfinated according to the present invention.

Thus also new covalent crosslinked oligomers or polymers or polymer(blend)membranes for most different applications become accessible, for example for membrane processes like membrane fuel cells, electrodialysis (if necessary with bipolar membranes), pervaporation, gas separation, diffusion dialysis, reverse osmosis, perstraction etc.

The special advantage of the reduction process of the present invention consists in that it is possible to reduce the sulfonyl groups only partially by a lower than equimolar amount of reducing agent so that polymer or oligomers which carry both sulfinate and sulfonly groups on the same backbone are obtained. The sulfonyl groups can be hydrolyzed acidically, alkaline and/or neutral to the respective sulfonate group in another step, so that an oligomer or polymer which contains both sulfonate and sulfinate group arises, can be converted in a further step to covalently crosslinked proton-conducting polymer membranes, whereby the sulfinate group can be crosslinked according to usual methods.

Another possibility for the preparation of polymeric sulfohalides, which are only partially reduced to sulfinate is made possible by the use of polymers carrying two or three different sulfohalide groups on the same polymer backbone. Particularly preferred are combinations from sulfochlorides, sulfobromides and/or sulfofluorides. Especially preferred are combinations from sulfochloride and sulfobromide group in the same polymer molecule. The ratios of the sulfohalide groups can be every arbitrary value between each other. Depending on the chosen reducing agent and the solvent used the corresponding sulfohalides show a different tendency towards reduction.

The preparation of polymers which comprise sulfohalides and sulfinate groups on the same backbone is particularly preferred as mentioned above already. Followed by a further processing to a membrane which is covalently crosslinked as it is shown exemplarily in the example 5 with the polymer PEEK. After the crosslinking the remaining sulfohalide group is alternatively hydrolyed in water, a diluted acid and/or alkaline and transferred into the sulfonic acid or sulfonic acid salt derivative.

The ratio of sulfochloride to sulfinate group in the end product can accept every arbitrary value. It is only and alone dependent on the chosen reduction conditions. Being included

-   -   a) the duration of the reduction: it is between few seconds up         to 60 hours, 10 to 30 hours are preferred     -   b) the temperature of the reduction: It is depending on medium         between −60° C. and 100° C. Using sodium sulfit as a reducing         agent it is between 50° C. and 100° C.     -   c) the solvents used: preferred are water and dipolar-aprotic         solvents, particularly preferred are dipolar-aprotic polar         solvents (as NMP, DMAc, DMSO and THF) and arbitrary mixtures of         the solvents with each other.

SUMMARY

While the reduction of the sulfinated oligomers and polymers according to the invention is carried out, other alkylation agents apart from the di- or oligofunctional crosslinker (for example 1.4 diiodobutane) can be added at the same time to the solution of the sulfinated polymer/oligomer in a suitable solvent, which alkylate sulfinate groups simultaneously with the cross-linking reaction. Thereby crosslinked membranes and other formed objects can be produced, whose properties are modified by the additionally introduced functional groups. If the other alkylation agents contain acidic functions, for example, a cation conductivity, particularly a proton conductivity, of the crosslinked membranes and others polymer formed object can be generated. An alkylation with alkylation agents containing basic groups leads to membranes modified with basic anion-exchange groups.

The main chains (backbones) of the polymers and oligomers of the present invention are arbitrarily chosen, however, the following polymers are preferred, as main chains:

-   -   Polyolefines like polyethylene, polypropylene, polyisobutylene,         polynorbornene, Polymethylpentene, polyisoprene, poly (1.4         butadiene), poly (1.2 butadiene)     -   Styrene(co)polymer like polystyrene, poly(metylstyrene),         poly(α,β,β-triflourostyrene), poly (pentaflourostyrene)     -   perflourinated ionomers like Nafion® or the SO2Hal-precursor of         Nafion® (Hal=F, Cl, Br, I), Dow® membrane, GoreSelect® membrane     -   sulfonated PVDF and/or the SO2Hal-precursor, whereby Hal stands         for fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine     -   (Hetero) aryl main chain polymers like:         -   Polyetherketones like polyetherketone PEK Victrex®,             polyetheretherketone PEEK Victrex®,             polyetheretherketoneketone PEEKK,             polyetherketoneetherketoneketone PEKEKK Ultrapek®         -   Polyethersulfones like polysulfone Udel®, polyphenylsulfone             Radel R®, Polyetherethersulfone Radel A®, polyethersulfone             PES Victrex®         -   Poly(benz)imidazole like PBI Celazol® and other oligomers             and polymers containing the (Benz) imidazole monomer whereby             the (Benz)imidazole group can be present in the main chain             or in the polymer lateral chain         -   Polyphenyleneether like e.g. poly(2,6-dimethyloxyphenylene),             poly(2,6-diphenyloxyphenylene)         -   Polyphenylenesulfide and copolymeres         -   Poly (1,4-phenylene) or poly (1,3-phenylene), which can be             modified in the lateral group, if necessary with benzoyl,             naphtoyl or o-phenyloxy-1,4-benzoyl group, m             phenyloxy-1,4-benzoyl groups or p-phenyloxy-1,4-benzoyl             groups.         -   Poly (benzoxazole) and copolymers         -   Poly (benzthiazole) and copolymers         -   Poly (phtalazinone) and copolymers         -   Polyaniline and copolymers

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The reaction equations (1) and (2) show exemplary the reduction of sulfonated PEEK (polyetheretherketone) to the sulfinate:

The partial reduction of sulfonated PEEK is exemplary represented in FIG. 7 over the corresponding sulfochloride to the sulfinate.

As polymeric sulfinates are very unstable the resulting sodium salt form is transferred into the considerably more stable lithium salt by cation exchange.

According to the method of the present invention is the partial or complete reduction of sulfochlorinated polysulfone (PSU) or other poly(ethersulfone)s and sulfochlorinated PEEK or other poly(etherketone)s is quite particularly preferred.

The membranes produced by covalent crosslinking can be applied to hydrogen fuel cells, particularly in membrane fuel cells, in a temperature range of −50° C. to +280° C. depending on the main polymer backbone.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

FIG. 1 illustrates an IR spectra of PSU-SO₂Cl (spectrum 1), of PSU-SO₂Li produced by reaction of PSU-Li with SO₂ (spectrum 2), and of PSU-SO₂Li produced by reduction of PSU-SO₂Cl with LiAH₂ (spectrum 3).

FIG. 2 shows on FTIR spectrum of sulfinated PEEK (arrow: Sulfinate bond).

FIG. 3 shows a comparison of different PEEK sulfoderivatives.

FIG. 4 illustrates an ¹H-NMR spectrum of the sulfinated PEEK (signals 2, 3, 4 correspond to 6 protons, signal 1 corresponds to 4 protons, 5 corresponds to 1 proton, which yields a sum of 11 protons, 1 proton therefore got substituted).

FIG. 5 shows an 1H-NMR spectrum of the starting polymer PEEK-SO₂Cl.

FIG. 6 illustrates the dependence of the water uptake of the membranes on the temperature.

FIG. 7 shows the partial reduction of sulfonated PEEK.

FIG. 8 shows formation of the covalent crosslinked membrane from partially reduced PEEK-SO₂Cl.

EXAMPLES 1. Preparation of a Sulfinated Polysulfone PSU Udel® by Reduction of PSU Sulfochloride with Lithiumaluminiumhydride

10.83 g sulfochlorinated PSU Udel® are dissolved in 300 ml of tetrahydrofurane (THF). The solution is cooled down under argon protective gas to −65° C. After this 13 ml of a 0.013 molar lithiumaluminiumhydride solution in THF are added within 2 hours via a dropping funnel into the polymer solution. The beginning of the reduction is indicated by hydrogen development. After the hydrogen development is finished, what is the case after about 1 hour, a mixture of 60 ml of 10 per cent LiOH solution and 120 ml ethanol is injected into the reaction mixture. After this the reaction mixture is precipitated into 2.5 l iso-propanol and filtered. The residue is dried at 60° C. in the drying oven at 50 hPacal pressure. The formation of the PSU sulfinate is observed by an IR spectrum of the product. The sulfinate band at 970 cm⁻¹ is considerably recognizable (illus. 1, IR spectra of PSU-SO₂Cl (spectrum 1) made by reaction of PSU-Li with SO₂ (spectrum 2) of PSU-SO₂Li and made by reduction of PSU-SO₂Cl with LiAlH₄ (spectrum 3) of PSU-SO₂Li.

2. Preparation of Sulfinated Poly (Etheretherketone) PEEK by Reduction of PEEK-SO₂Cl with Aqueous Sodium Sulfit Solution

Material:

-   7.6 g PEEK-SO₂Cl (0.02 mol) -   126 g of (1 mol) Na₂SO₃ -   500 ml H2O -   PEEK-SO₂Cl+Na₂SO₃+H₂O→PEEK-SO₂Na+NaCl+NaHSO₄

PEEKSO₂Cl is added to 500 ml of a 2 M Na₂SO₃ solution and is stirred at 70° C. for 20 hours. After this it is heated up to 100° C. and allowed to react for 10 min at this temperature. Then the white polymer is filtered off. The polymer is then stirred in 500 ml of a 10% LiOH solution to transform the sulfinate group into the Li form by ion-exchange. After this it is filtered and the precipitate is washed up to the neutral reaction of the washing water. After this the polymer is dried at room temperature up to weight constancy under vacuum. After this the polymer is suspended in water and dialysed. The dialysed polymer solution is dehydrated and the polymer dried at room temperature and vacuum up to the weight constancy.

IR: The band of the sulfinate group SO₂Li is detected easily at 970 cm−1 (illus. 2).

The sulfinated PEEK is easily soluble in NMP and DMSO. If 1,4-diiodobutane is given to a NMP solution of the polymer, within 5 min. a gelation takes place and with that a crosslinking of the polymer. Illus. 4 shows a 1-H-NMR spectrum of the sulfinated PEEK.

Elemental analysis: 1,0 groups replaced.

C H S Cl Theo. 63.69 3.07 8.94 0 Exp. 52.52 3.71 6.60 1.95

Elemental analysis after dialysis of the product polymer (there is still Cl present in the polymer as sulfochloride):

C H S Cl Theo. 63.69 3.07 8.94 0 Exp. 53.26 4.09 6.89 2.01

Elemental analysis of the starting product sulfochlorinated PEEK:

C H S Cl Theo. 59.06 2.85 8.29 9.07 Exp. 57.43 3.07 8.32 9.54

Elemental analysis with calculated values if 25% of the functional groups are present as a sulfochloride and 75% of the functional groups as a sulfinate would be:

Molecular mass 397 g/mol. (C₁₉H₁₁O₇S₁Cl_(0,25)Li_(0,75))

C H S Cl Theo. 57.31 2.77 8.06 2.20 Exp. 52.52 3.71 6.60 1.95

3. Preparation of Partly Sulfinated Poly (Etheretherketone) PEEK by Reduction of PEEK-SO₂Cl with Aqueous Sodium Sulfite Solution

Material:

-   20 g PEEK-SO₂Cl (0.053 mol) -   300 ml of 2 molar aqueous solutions of Na₂SO₃ -   PEEK-SO₂Cl+Na₂SO₃+H₂O→PEEK SO₂Na+NaCl+NaHSO₄

PEEKSO₂Cl is added to 300 ml of a 2 M Na₂SO₃ solution and is stirred at 70° C. for 20 hours. Then the white polymer is filtered off. The polymer is then stirred in 500 ml of a 10% LiOH solution to bring the sulfinate group in the Li form. After this it is filtered and the precipitate is washed up to the neutral reaction of the washing water. After this the polymer is dried at room temperature up to weight constancy under vacuum. After this the polymer is suspended in water and dialysed. The dialysed polymer solution is dehydrated and the polymer dried at room temperature and vacuum up to weight constancy.

Elemental analysis results after dialysis:

C H S Cl Theo. 63.69 3.07 8.94 0 Exp. 56.21 4.00 6.75 2.55

The elemental analysis result corresponds to about 0.28 remaining sulfochloride group and 0.72 obtained sulfinate group per repeating unit. A redox titration of the sulfinated polymer with a surplus of NaOCl and back titration with sodium thiosulfate yields about 0.58 sulfinate group per repeating unit.

Data of the titration:

-   C_(Na2S2O3)=0,1 N -   C_(NaOCl)=0,4962 mmol/g -   1,259 g PEEK-SO₂Li -   11,265 g NaOCl(5,5897 mmol) -   V_(Na2S2O3)=70,626 ml -   G_(NaOCl)=70,626*0,½=3,5313 mmol -   G_(SO2Li)=5,5897−3,5313=2,0584 mmol -   40° C., 4 Stunden. 150 ml H₂O.

IEC_(PEEK-SO2Li)=2,0584/1,259=1,63 mmol/g (approximately 0.58 SO₂Li groups per repeating unit).

The oxidized polymer is titrated with 0.1 N NaOH. It results are IEC of 2.52 meq SO₃H groups per g of polymers. The starting polymer sulfonated PEEK (before sulfochloride formation) had an IEC of 2.7 meq/g.

4. Production of Partially Reduced PEEK-SO₂Cl

Material:

-   7.6 g PEEK-SO₂Cl (0.02 mol) -   126 g of (1 mol) Na₂SO₃ -   500 ml H₂O -   PEEK-SO₂Cl+Na₂SO₃+H₂O→ClO₂S-PEEK-SO₂Na+NaCl+NaHSO₄

PEEKSO₂Cl is added to 300 ml of a 2 M Na₂SO₃ solution and is stirred at 70° C. for 20 hours. Then the white polymer is filtered off. The polymer is then stirred in 500 ml of a 10% LiOH solution to bring the sulfinate group in the Li form. After this it is filtered and the precipiate is washed up to the neutral reaction of the washing water. After this the polymer is dried at room temperature up to weight constancy under vacuum. After this the polymer is suspended in water and dialysed. The dialysed polymer solution is dehydrated and the polymer is dried at room temperature and vacuum up to the weight constancy. The obtained product contains both sulfinate and sulfochloride groups.

5. Preparation of Covalently Crosslinked Membranes by Using Sulfinated PEEK

The sulfinated PEEK from example 3 (0.72 sulfinate group and 0.28 sulfochloride group per repeating unit) is dissolved, if necessary together with sulfonated PEK-SO₃Li (for IEC_(sPEK)=1.8 meq/g), in NMP to give a 15% solution. The crosslinker 1,4-diiodobutane is added to the solution, and a membrane is cast. The solvent is evaporated in the vacuum drying oven (first 100° C./800 hPas, then 120° C./50 hPas), and the membrane taken out of the drying oven. After cooling, it is removed under water, posttreated in 7% NaOH at 60° C. for 1 day, followed by water at 90° C. for 1 day, then in 10% H₂SO₄ at 90° C. for 1 day, and finally in water at 90° C. for 1 day.

Membrane preparation:

Sulfinated Sulfonated Membrane PEEK PEK 1,4-diiodobutane [no.] [g]* [g]** NMP [g] [ml] PEEK 1 1 2 20 0.23 PEEK 2 1 1 20 0.24 PEEK 3 1 — 10 0.1 *Sulfinated PEEK from example 3 **1.8 = meq SO₃Li/g of polymers sulfonated PEEK with IEC

Characterization results of the membranes:

Membrane IECexp. IECtheo Water uptake Rsp Extraction [no.] [meq/g] [meq/g] [%] [Ω*cm]* residue [%]** PEEK-1 1.61 1.53 76.2 4.2 — PEEK-2 1.4 1.4 85.9 5.13 39.4 PEEK-3 1.01 1.0 18.1 22.1 100 *measured in 0.5 N HCl, impedance at room temperature (25° C.) **stored in 90° C. hot DMAc, residue centrifuged off, washed with MeOH and water and dried in vacuum at increased temperature

One sees from illus. 6, that the swelling of the covalently crosslinked membrane from PEEK-SO₂Li SO₂Cl (PEEK which contains both sulfochloride and sulfinate group) is even at a temperature of 90° C. only 33%, and this at a high proton conductivity of 22.1 Ω*cm. This is a remarkable result which lets expect for this membrane very good prospects at the application into membrane fuel cells at T>80° C.

Following in the scheme the formation of the covalent crosslinked membrane from partially reduced PEEK-SO₂Cl: FIG. 8.

The polymers particularly preferred in the context of the invention are shown with their structures on the following pages once again. The shown polymers are substituted with sulfohalide groups prior to the reduction. The substitution degree per recurring unit is different from polymer to polymer and can reach values up to 10 sulfohalide groups per repeating unit. Values of 1 to 5, particularly of 2 to 4 sulfohalide groups are preferred. 100% of the sulfohalide groups can be reduced to sulfinate groups, however, a partial reduction of the sulfohalide groups to sulfinate groups is preferred. A value of 30 to 60% of the used sulfohalide groups is preferred.

For the preparation of covalent membranes from polymers that carry both suflohalide and sulfochloride groups, membranes are preferred, that have an ion exchange capacity (IEC) of 0.8 to 2.2 after the hydrolysis, membranes with an IEC from 1.0 to 1.8 are particularly preferred.

The polymers with repeating units of the general formula (1) that are particularly preferred in the context of the present invention include homopolymers and copolymers, examples being random copolymers, such as ®Victrex 720 P and ®Astrel. Especially preferred polymers are polyaryl ethers, polyaryl thioethers, polysulfones, polyether ketones, polypyrroles, polythiophenes, polyazoles, phenylenes, polyphenylenevinylenes, polyanilines, polyazulenes, polycarbazoles, polypyrenes, polyindophenines and polyvinylpyridines, especailly polyaryl ethers:

Polyarylethers:

Polyaryl thioethers:

Polysulfones:

Polyether ketones:

Polyazoles:

Especially preferred in accordance with the invention are crosslinked polymers with repeating units of the general formula (1A-1), (1B-1), (1C-1), (1I-1), (1G-1), (1E-1), (1H-1), (1I-1), (1F-1), (1J-1), (1K-1), (1L-1), (1M-1) and/or (1N-1).

In the context of the present invention, n designates the number of repeating units along one macromolecule chain of the crosslinked polymer. This number of the repeating units of the general formula (1) along one macromolecule chain of the crosslinked polymer is preferably an integer greater than or equal to 10, in particular greater than or equal to 100. The number of repeating units of the general formula (1A), (1B), (1C), (1D), (1E), (1F), (1G), (1H), (1I), (1J), (1K), (1L), (1M), (1N), (1O), (1P), (1Q), (1R), (1S) and/or (1T) along one macromolecule chain of the crosslinked polymer is preferably an integer greater than or equal to 10, in particular greater than or equal to 100.

In one particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention, the numerical average of the molecular weight of the macromolecule chain is greater than 25,000 g/mol, appropriately greater than 50,000 g/mol, in particular greater than 100,000 g/mol. 

1. At least sulfinate group containing polymer (P) or oligomer in the volume or at the surface, said sulfinate group is P-(SO₂)_(n)X, wherein X=1 valent metal cation, X=2 valent metal cation or X=3 valent metal cation or X is H⁺ or ammonium ion NR₄ ⁺, wherein R=alkyl, aryl, H, characterized in that it is obtained by a complete or partial reduction of a polymer or oligomer containing SO₂Y groups by means of suitable reducing agents in suspension or in solution either in the volume or superficially, wherein Y=F, Cl, Br, I, said polymer or oligomer is selected from Styrene(co)polymers and (Hetero) aryl main chain polymers.
 2. Polymer or oligomer according to claim 1 wherein said polystyrene, poly(methylstyrene, poly(α,β,β-trifluorostyrene), poly(pentafluorostyrene), and said (Hetero) aryl main chain polymers is selected from the groups of: Polyetherketones Polyethersulfones Poly(benzo)imidazole Polyphenylene ethers Polyphenylenesulfide and copolymers Poly (1,4-phenylene) or poly (1,3-phenylene), which can be modified in the lateral group, if necessary with benzoyl, naphtoyl or o-phenyloxy-1,4-benzoyl group, m phneyloxy-1,4.benzoyl groups or p-phenyloxy-1,4-benzoyl groups Poly (benzoxazole) and copolymers Poly (benzthiazole) and copolymers Poly (phtalazinone) and copolymers Polyaniline and copolymers.
 3. Polymer or oligomer according to claim 2 wherein said polymer or oligomer is selected from Polyetherketones and Polyethersulfones.
 4. Polymer or oligomer according to claim 2, wherein said polyeterketones are selected from: polyetherketone PEK, polyetheretherketone PEEK, polyetheretherketoneketone PEEKK or polyetherketoneetherketoneketone PEKEKK, said polyethersulfones are selected from polysulfone, polyphenylsulfone, polyetherethersulfone, polyethersulfone, said poly(benzo)imidazoles are selected from PBI and other oligomers and polymers containing the (Benz)imidazole monomer whereby the (Benz)imidazole group can be present in the main chain or in the polymer lateral chain, said Polyphenyleneethers are selected from poly(2,6-dimethyloxyphenylene) and poly(2,6-diphenyloxyphenylene).
 5. Sulfinate groups (P-(SO₂)_(n)X) containing polymer or oligomer according to claim 4, wherein said polyetherketones are selected from polyetherketone PEK, polyetheretherketone PEEK, polyetheretherketoneketone PEEKK or polyetherketoneetherketoneketone PEKEKK, said polyethersulfones are selected from polysulfone, polyphenylsulfone, Polyetherethersulfone, polyethersulfone PES.
 6. Polymer or oligomer according to claim 1 wherein as reducing agents sodium sulfite or other reducing sulfur salts or mixtures of these sulfur salts, Hydrazine, L2S, LiAlH4, triethylaluminum, ethylaluminium sesquichloride are used. 